When distance cannot be maintained, reducing the time of close contact with people who might be ill may be an option. The incubation time for seasonal influenza is on average two days, but ranges from one to four days. 2012; 17(18):pii: 20162. Administration of the drug should also be considered in patients presenting later in the course of illness. Estimating influenza-related excess mortality and reproduction numbers for seasonal influenza in Norway, 1975–2004. When hand-washing is not possible, alcohol-based hand sanitisers are an option. Proper collection, storage and transport of respiratory specimens is the essential first step for laboratory detection of influenza virus infections. Overall influenza-associated mortality has been estimated to 13.8 per 100,000 person-years (Thompson, 2003). There are 4 types of seasonal influenza viruses, types A, B, C and D. Influenza A and B viruses circulate and cause seasonal epidemics of disease. Worldwide, these annual epidemics are estimated to result in about 3 to 5 million cases of severe illness, and about 290 000 to 650 000 respiratory deaths. A total of 664 hospital admissions and 85 confirmed deaths have been reported since the beginning of winter 2017. Alcohol-based hand sanitisers reduce the amount of influenza virus on contaminated hands. Seasonal influenza is a vaccine-preventable disease and annual influenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza. Influenza definition is - an acute, highly contagious, respiratory disease caused by any of three orthomyxoviruses:. Re-assortments are not that rare but only very occasionally lead to a viable influenza A virus, with ability to infect humans, cause disease in humans, cause sustained person-to-person transmission, and for which many or most humans have little or no immunity. The pathogen. People at greater risk of severe disease or complications when infected are: pregnant women, children under 59 months, the elderly, individuals with chronic medical conditions (such as chronic cardiac, pulmonary, renal, metabolic, neurodevelopmental, liver or hematologic diseases) and individuals with immunosuppressive conditions (such as HIV/AIDS, receiving chemotherapy or steroids, or malignancy). Louie JK, Yang S, Acosta M, et al. Treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors for critically ill patients with influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. Clin Infect Dis. Treatment focuses on reducing fever and relieving the symptoms. Additionally, aerosol transmission plays a part in influenza virus transmission. Re-assortment of the genome segments results in considerable antigenic variability, particularly of the HA of the influenza A viruses. Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) are used in clinical settings, but they have lower sensitivity compared to RT-PCR methods and their reliability depends largely on the conditions under which they are used. Most people recover from fever and other symptoms within a week without requiring medical attention. • People at higher risk of influenza complications (see “Who is at risk”) are strongly Clinics and hospitals can be overwhelmed during peak illness periods. Zhou H, Thompson WW, Viboud CG, et al. Hospitalizations associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States, 1993-2008. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(10):1427-36. How to use influenza in a sentence. Kramarz P (2009), Monnet D, Nicoll A, Yilmaz C, Ciancio B. Use of oseltamivir in 12 European countries between 2002 and 2007 – lack of association with the appearance of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1) viruses. Type A and B viruses are the predominant virus types causing disease in humans and are the focus of this factsheet. 2005 Jun 21;2:6. Euro Surveill. Corticosteroids should not be used routinely, unless indicated for other reasons (eg: asthma and other specific conditions); as it has been associated with prolonged viral clearance, immunosuppression leading to bacterial or fungal superinfection. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses: systematic review, Use of oseltamivir in 12 European countries between 2002 and 2007 – lack of association with the appearance of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1) viruses. NEJM 2005; 353:2633-2636. Nair H, Abdullah Brooks W, Katz M et al. Among healthy adults, influenza vaccine provides protection, even when circulating viruses do not exactly match the vaccine viruses. Seasonal influenza viruses circulate worldwide and can affect people in any age group. Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). ivEur. Sporadic infections occur outside of the influenza season, though the incidence is very low in the European summer when infections may be the result of imported cases from equatorial areas (where transmission is more year round) and the southern hemisphere where most infection takes place between June to October. 2012;55(9):1198-204. The most effective way to prevent the disease is vaccination. Early estimates of the excess mortality associated with the 2008-9 influenza season in Portugal. In the northern hemisphere, including Europe, seasonal influenza generally occurs in epidemics between November and April each year, and in the southern hemisphere between June and October. Influenza vaccine is not licensed for children less than 6 months old. The diagnosis can be confirmed by taking specimens for laboratory analysis. Safe and effective vaccines are available and have been used for more than 60 years. Congestion is when your nose becomes stuffed up and inflamed. (3). And, you need the humbleness to understand your original, to be part of it—then also the practical humbleness to get someone who knows more […] monographs for inactivated egg- derived and inactivated The level of antiviral resistance is closely followed by public health authorities. Due to the high resistance (>99%) adamantanes are no longer recommended. Factors associated with vaccine uptake 1. Emerg Infect Dis. The effects of seasonal influenza epidemics in developing countries are not fully known, but research estimates that 99% of deaths in children under 5 years of age with influenza related lower respiratory tract infections are found in developing countries (2). Neuraminidase inhibitors (i.e. Secondly, but of greater economic impact, are the large numbers of mild to moderate cases which result in time off work, losses to production and pressure and costs on the health and social care services.Â. The subtypes are determined by two glycoproteins on the virus surface, haemagglutinin (HA) (H1–H18) and neuraminidase (NA) (N1–N11). It makes the eye appear pink or reddish. In temperate climates, seasonal epidemics occur mainly during winter, while in tropical regions, influenza may occur throughout the year, causing outbreaks more irregularly. Based on published literature (Dawood, 2010; Hayward, 2014; Ortiz, 2014; Thompson 2003), mainly from the USA and extrapolated to an EU/EEA population of approximately 512 million, the burden of seasonal influenza has been estimated (Figure 1). For A(H1N1)pdm09 oseltamivir resistance has so far only been detected at very low levels in Europe. Health care workers are at high risk acquiring influenza virus infection due to increased exposure to the patients and risk further spread particularly to vulnerable individuals. Due to the constant evolving nature of influenza viruses, the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) – a system of National Influenza Centres and WHO Collaborating Centres around the world – continuously monitors the influenza viruses circulating in humans and updates the composition of influenza vaccines twice a year. Impact of influenza exposure on rates of hospital admissions and physician visits because of respiratory illness among pregnant women. Expert opinion is supportive (Jefferson, 2008) but there have been few randomised trials with laboratory-confirmed influenza as end points (Cowling et al., 2009; MacIntyre et al., 2009). Nicoll A, Ciancio BC, Lopez Chavarrias V, Mølbak K, Pebody R, Pedzinski B, et al. Influenza D virus in cattle, France, 2011-2014. iii: and the relevant Ph. Moreover, only influenza type A viruses are responsible for the occasional pandemics. 2013 Jul;7(4):584-603. doi: 10.1111/irv.12000. 21, PMID: 26197993. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, et al. access to care. There are also rapid point of care tests (quick test) that require less time. 2009 Feb 5;14(5). The use of these drugs is very variable between European countries (Kramarz et al., 2009), as are the policies.Â. The young have an increased risk of being infected because they have not developed immunity to the virus. Severe disease may also include myocarditis or encephalitis, which may be fatal. They frequently have underlying diseases which reduce their resistance to infection, and their immune response may also be less effective. Hayward AC, Fragaszy EB, Bermingham A, et al. Comparative community burden and severity of seasonal and pandemic influenza: results of the Flu Watch cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. In some cases the disease becomes more severe due to the influenza virus infection or a secondary, usually bacterial, infection e.g. Face mask use and control of respiratory virus transmission in households. Influenza Surveillance Report, FluView. Microbiology and laboratory reports; External quality assessments, Influenza virus characterisations. Jefferson T, et al. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses: systematic review. However, in 2009-2010, when the most recent influenza pandemic took place,, A(H1N1)pdm09 replaced A(H1N1). Neuraminidase inhibitors, oral oseltamivir and inhaled zanamivir, are useful for treatment and prophylactic use. Lancet 2011; 378: 1917–3, WHO SAGE Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Recommendations during the COVID-19 Pandemic, World Health Assembly Update, 24 May 2019, WHO launches new global influenza strategy, Through a structured and coordinated response, Colombia seeks to leave no one behind in the fight against COVID-19, 8 Things to know about pandemic influenza, Coronavirus disease outbreak (COVID-2019), Coronavirus disease outbreak (COVID-19) ». Emerg Infect Dis; 2006. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2013. individual factors, type of exposure, and risk associated with the exposure. Exercises for Sleep Apnea, Snoring, Sinus Pressure & more. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. Influenza is one of the world's greatest infectious disease challenges. Moscona A (2005) Oseltamivir resistance – disabling our influenza defences. Uncomplicated seasonal influenza disease presents as rapid onset of the following combination of systemic and respiratory symptoms: Children may also present with gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting or diarrhea, apart from fever and respiratory symptoms. The time from infection to illness, known as the incubation period, is about 2 days, but ranges from one to four days. Moreover, an EU target was set by the Health Council of all Health Ministers of 75% vaccination coverage by 2014/15 in the older age groups, and if possible extended to people with chronic conditions.Â. Domnich A, Arata L, Amicizia D, Puig-Barberà J, Gasparini R, Panatto D. Effectiveness of MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Swelling of the white part … Although vaccination is the preferred option for preventing influenza, antivirals can be useful when the vaccine fails or is unavailable, for example, due to: antigenic mismatch with circulating virus, waning immunity in elderly, patient being immunocompromised, the vaccine not yet available, or during an outbreak of an emerging influenza strain or pandemic. Herd immunity (also called herd effect, community immunity, population immunity, or social immunity) is a form of indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a sufficient percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, whether through vaccination or previous infections, thereby reducing the … While the beginning of major flu activity in each season varies by location, in any specific location these minor epidemics usually take about three weeks to reach its pinnacle, and another 3 weeks to significantly diminish.  Vaccination is especially important for people at higher risk of serious influenza complications: Individuals with specific chronic medical conditions, pregnant women, and children aged 6-59 months, the elderly and healthcare workers. oseltamivir) should be prescribed as soon as possible (ideally, within 48 hours following symptom onset) to maximize therapeutic benefits. Influenza Other Respi Viruses. In uncomplicated adult cases systemic symptoms usually last a few days. Seasonal influenza, a contagious respiratory illness, strikes every year—affecting 5 to 20 percent of the U.S. population annually. Not all infected present all the symptoms. 2007;7(1):141. Seasonal and pandemic influenza A represents one of the greatest threats to global health [66–68]. Apart from vaccination and antiviral treatment the public health management includes personal protective measures: It is thought that all of these measures may reduce the risk of transmission of influenza though in fact the evidence base is weak. Influenza viruses are RNA viruses from the family Orthomyxoviridae, and have a worldwide distribution. Seasonal influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses which circulate in all parts of the world. 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