Because of this during the mid 20th century it was speculated that the Alpine Fault creeps without making large earthquakes. [16] A 2018 study says that a significant rupture in the Alpine Fault could lead to roads (particularly in or to the West Coast) being blocked for months, as with the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake, with problems in supplying towns and evacuating tourists. This study analyzes 195 earthquakes recorded during the 6 month duration of the Southern Alps Passive Seismic Experiment (SAPSE) in 1995/1996 and two M₁. [4], The Indo-Australian Plate is subducting towards the east south of the South Island and the Pacific Plate is subducting towards the West to the north. During the second phase of the Alpine Fault, Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP) in the Whataroa River, South Westland, New Zealand, bedrock was encountered in the DFDP-2B borehole from 238.5–893.2 m Measured Depth (MD). Holes were drilled for explosives, and when the explosives were set off, a multi-channel seismograph recorded the seismic waves. This is not a regular pattern, but enough to suggest there is a high probability of a large earthquake in the next 50 years. [1] The Southern Alps have been uplifted on the fault over the last 12 million years in a series of earthquakes. [22] The fault was officially named the Alpine Fault in 1942 as an extension of a previously mapped structure. [ clarification needed ] Most of the movement along the fault occurs in this zone. This includes mylonites and the Alpine Schist, which increases in metamorphic grade towards the fault. He is notable for his discovery of South Island's Alpine Fault. The Alpine Fault forms a "transform" boundary between the Pacific Plate and Indo-Australian Plate. [11] Over the last thousand years, there have been four major ruptures along the Alpine Fault causing earthquakes of about magnitude 8. Part 2 of Alpine Fault in Profile. The results suggest that ductile localization due to overlying faults may account for a large proportion of the strain observed in exhumed mylonite zones. It forms part of the North Island Fault System, which accommodates the transfer of displacement along the oblique convergent boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and Pacific Plate. A transform (oceanic) or strike-slip (continental) fault is one where the relative motion is horizontal. One set, comprising foliation and foliation‐parallel veins and fractures, has a constant orientation. [Chapter Break] After their ground­breaking paper on the Alpine Fault, Willett was posted to Invercargill and Wellman to another war­time project at d’Urville Island. Elisabeth, your guide, has a good knowledge of the Alpine Fault, and to be able to straddle 2 tectonic plates was a real moment to remember. I'll See You Soon 05:36 Show lyrics (loading lyrics...) 4. In the new study, the interval between earthquakes ranged from 160 to 350 years and the probability of an earthquake occurring in the following 50 years was estimated at 29 per cent. The 1929 Arthur's Pass earthquake occurred at 10:50 pm NZMT on 9 March. Guided educational tours to the natural exposure of the Alpine fault, at Gaunt Creek, near Whataroa, South Westland. This idea coupled with the displacement on the fault proposed that the earth's surface was in relatively rapid constant movement and helped to overthrow the old geosynclinal hypothesis in favour of plate tectonics. The Alpine Fault is a geological fault, known as a right-lateral strike-slip fault, that runs almost the entire length of New Zealand's South Island. Exemples de décrochements senestres In the middle the Alpine Fault is a transform boundary and has both dextral (right-lateral) strike-slip movement and uplift on the southeastern side. It is a dextral (right-lateral) strike-slip fault with variable amounts of vertical movement causing uplift to the northwest, as expressed by a series of ranges. The Māori arrived in New Zealand c.1300 but never reached a high population density in the colder South Island. GNS Science has this earthquake catalogued and places the epicenter 35 km east of Taihape, near the border of Hawke's Bay. [5] The Alpine Fault is not a single structure but often splits into pure strike-slip and dip-slip components. The Alpine Fault is a geological fault that runs almost the entire length of New Zealand's South Island (c. 480 km) and forms the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate. The Alpine Fault is the dominant structure defining the Australian-Pacific plate boundary in the South Island of New Zealand. [1] [3], The Pacific Plate and Indo-Australian Plate boundary forms the Macquarie Fault Zone in the Puysegur Trench off the southwestern corner of the South Island and comes onshore as the Alpine Fault just north of Milford Sound. [29], In 2017 they reported they had discovered beneath Whataroa, a small township on the Alpine Fault, "extreme" hydrothermal activity which "could be commercially very significant". The Alpine Fault is called a strike slip or transform fault. The average slip rates in the fault's central region are about 38mm a year, very fast by global standards. There have been no major historical earthquakes on the Alpine Fault. This news article from Stuff covers some research on the frequency of past earthquakes along the Alpine fault. Langridge J.G. [9] However, it is now inferred by multiples lines of evidence that the Alpine Fault ruptures creating major earthquakes about every few hundred years. The Southern Alps had not yet formed and most of New Zealand was covered in water. Other New Zealand universities, GNS Science and overseas scientists are also interested in the Alpine Fault. At this point it splits into a set of smaller faults known as the Marlborough Fault System. But this should not lead one to overlook the fact that the Alpine Fault, so recognised, may occur in a wide zone of intense faulting, slicing, and brecciation-the Alpine Fault Zone. Alpine climate, climate that is typical to higher altitudes; Alpine tundra, a type of natural region or biome; Alpine orogeny, in geology; Alpine Fault, a geological fault running nearly the entire length of New Zealand's South Island; Biology. Where will the next earthquake centred on the Alpine Fault begin? Here the relative motion between the two plates averages 37–40 mm a year. [2] In outcrop the fault zone is overlain by mylonites which formed at depth and have been uplifted by the fault. There have been no major earthquakes on the Alpine Fault in historic times, its southern and northern offshoots have, however, experienced sizable earthquakes: In 2012, GNS Science researchers published an 8000-year timeline of 24 major earthquakes on the (southern end of the) fault from sediments at Hokuri Creek, near Lake McKerrow in north Fiordland. How often does the Alpine Fault rupture? [25], The Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP) was an attempt in 2014 to retrieve rock and fluid samples and make geophysical measurements inside the Alpine Fault zone at depth. Type: Strike-slip fault: Movement: Dextral/convergent, east side up: Age: Miocene-Holocene: Orogeny: Kaikoura: The Alpine Fault is a geological fault that runs almost the entire length of New Zealand's South Island (c. 480 km) and forms the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate. Virginia Toy is a New Zealand geologist who studies fault zones and earthquakes in New Zealand, Japan and Ecuador. Current research includes: Keith Machin, Teaching Fellow at the University of Canterbury, helped visiting Swiss scientists study the Alpine Fault. In this recording, Alpine fault drilling, part of Te Papa’s Science Express programme, hear about the deepest fault drilling ever done in New Zealand. [17] [18] [19] District councils along the West Coast and in Canterbury have commissioned studies and begun preparations for an anticipated large earthquake on the Alpine Fault. The geology of New Zealand is noted for its volcanic activity, earthquakes and geothermal areas because of its position on the boundary of the Australian Plate and Pacific Plates. The name "Southern Alps" generally refers to the entire range, although separate names are given to many of the smaller ranges that form part of it. Faille nord-anatolienne. It is a dextral strike-slip fault with a component of uplift to the northwest as expressed by the Rimutaka Range. Located at 43°53'44.58"S 169°31'28.09"E, it runs the entire length of New Zealand's South Island, thus along the western edge of the Southern Alps. The uplift is due to an element of convergence between the plates, meaning that the fault has a significant high-angle reverse oblique component[ clarification needed ] to its displacement. The Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project (JFAST) was a rapid-response scientific expedition that drilled oceanfloor boreholes through the fault-zone of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. [27] Researchers also planned to install long term equipment for measuring pressure, temperature and seismic activity near the fault zone. of the Alpine Fault R.M. The Marlborough Fault System is a set of four large dextral strike-slip faults and other related structures in the northern part of South Island, New Zealand, which transfer displacement between the mainly transform plate boundary of the Alpine fault and the mainly destructive boundary of the Kermadec Trench, and together form the boundary between the Australian and Pacific Plates. St. Andreas Transform Fault Alpine Fault New Zealand The types of transform fault that are always the longest Oceanic Transform Fault Continental Transform Fault EXPLORING THE PLANETS 3 The crust type and general of thickness of the crust. Snow on the mountains of the Pacific plate contrasts with the lower land of the Australian plate. Famous examples of these include the San Andreas Fault of California, the Alpine Fault of New Zealand's south island, and the Anatolian Fault in Turkey [14]. Avec notre A110 d'un week-end, pour la première fois, j'ai eu l'impression de prendre le temps avec une voiture. [6] [7] Also near the surface the fault can have multiple rupture zones. JFAST gathered important data about the rupture mechanism and physical properties of the fault that caused the huge earthquake and tsunami which devastated much of northeast Japan. The June quake was preceded by a magnitude 5.9 ML tremor that struck the region at a slightly deeper 8.9 km (5.5 mi). Beban GNS Science Consultancy Report 2011/217 September 2011 . The 1863 Hawke's Bay earthquake was a devastating magnitude 7.5 Mw earthquake that struck near the town of Waipukurau on 23 February 1863. [15] In 2017, GNS researchers revised the figures after they combined updated Hokuri site records with a thousand-year record from another site 20 km away at John O'Groats River to produce a record of 27 major earthquake events during the 8000-year period. Originally reported as magnitude 6.6 on the Richter Scale, the earthquake was later downgraded to a magnitude of 6.2. Alpine Fault quake expected NZASE article 2019 Scientists estimate a 30 percent likelihood in the next 50 years of a magnitude 8 or higher (M8+) earth- quake along 400km of the Alpine Fault, a strength about three times greater than the 7.8 Kaikoura quake in 2016. Alpine Fault discography (all) Severance (2005) Fire at Will Records Sampler (2012) > Iraena's Ashes Alpine Fault. The epicentre was approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of Hanmer. It forms the sharp line separating the snow-covered Southern Alps in the east from the low coastal plain bordering the Tasman Sea in the west. In New Zealand they are formed along the Alpine fault by earthquakes. Ultrasonic image logs acquired in the DFDP‐2B borehole yield the first continuous, subsurface description of the transition from schist to mylonite in the hangingwall of the Alpine Fault, New Zealand, to a depth of 818 m below surface. Into the Night 05:10 Show lyrics (loading lyrics...) 2. The way the waves are reflected and transmitted tells much about the rocks and structures near the fault. Alpine d'occasion - s’il est impossible de dénicher une A 110 pour moins de 50 000 €, on peut s’offrir une A 310 ou une A 610 à partir de 20 000 €. What information is revealed? Alpine Fault. Canterbury in New Zealand is the portion of the South Island to the east of the Southern Alps, from the Waiau River in the north, to the Waitaki River in the south. It had a maximum perceived intensity of VII (severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale. [24] Originally this regional increase in grade was inferred to be from frictional heating along the fault not uplift of deeper geological sequences. This fault has ruptured four times in the past 900 years, each time producing an earthquake of about magnitude 8. The Alpine Fault then runs the length of the South Island just west of the Southern Alps to near Lewis Pass in the central northern section of the island. New Zealand's early separation from other landmasses and subsequent evolution have created a unique fossil record and modern ecology. This is unlike the North Island boundary, where a subduction zone is under water off the east coast. Scroll down to discover how! Some trees survive landslides, but the event is marked by unusual growth rings. faille alpine (Nouvelle-Zélande, île du Sud) : l'activité de cette faille est sujette à de nombreuses études (Deep Fault Project [1]), car elle est très dangereuse. If you want to do something different and have a passing interest in geology, then this is a ‘must do’ tour. New research from Victoria University of Wellington could prompt a shift in thinking about the South Island’s Alpine Fault. The Alpine Fault intersects the west coast of the South Island of New Zealand about four miles north of Dale Point at the entrance to Milford Sound; moraine 011 the west of the fault has beeili faulted against Fiordlancl Gneiss' on the east, A well defined fault trace was followed from the air from the south side of [2] The last major earthquake on the Alpine Fault was in c. 1717 AD, the probability of another one occurring within the next 50 years is estimated at about 30 percent. A lot of research is being done to find out about earthquakes in the past (called palaeoseismology), as they may help indicate when to expect one in the future. The fault plane is usually vertical and can be horizontal. This earthquake was associated with the largest observed movement on a strike-slip fault, maximum 18 metres (59 ft). Virginia currently works as a Professor at the University of Mainz. It runs as a single structure for over 500 km. [22], Richard Norris and Alan Cooper from the Department of Geology, University of Otago conducted extensive research on the structure and petrology of the Alpine Fault respectively throughout the later 20th and early 21st centuries. The horizontal movement along the fault is not smooth, as both sides are locked together. The 1848 Marlborough earthquake was a 7.5 earthquake that occurred at 1:40 a.m. on 16 October 1848 and whose epicenter was in the Marlborough region of the South Island of New Zealand. The eroded material has formed the Canterbury Plains. [30] [31] One of the lead researchers said that it is likely to be globally unique. Type: Full-length Release date: November 11th, 2011 Catalog ID: N/A Label: Independent Format: CD Reviews: None yet Songs; Lineup; Reviews; Additional notes; 1. [20] [21], In 1940 Harold Wellman found that the Southern Alps were associated with a fault line approximately 650 km (400 miles) long. Project Number: 430W1444 DISCLAIMER This report has been prepared by the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited (GNS Science) exclusively for and under contract to West Coast Regional Council. See this Interactive map of the Alpine Fault and links to a virtual field trip on the University of Otago Geology website. It forms part of the Marlborough Fault System, which accommodates the transfer of displacement along the oblique convergent boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and Pacific Plate, from the transform Alpine Fault to the Hikurangi Trench subduction zone. In this paper, we investigate the timing and mineralization depths of AFZ clay mineralization using eight fault gouge … Harold William Wellman was an English-born New Zealand geologist known for his work on plate tectonics. One indication that things have not always been quite so calm on the Alpine fault is the presence of a rock type called psuedotachylite, which is thought to form either during an earthquake or with a meteor impact. We've known about the Alpine Fault for around 80 years. It was during this time that the cyclicity of the Alpine Fault earthquakes and meaning of the increase in metamorphic grade towards the fault was discovered and refined. The Alpine Fault, which runs for about 600km up the spine of the South Island, is one of the world’s major geological features. The Australian plate is sliding horizontally towards the north-east, at the same time as the Pacific plate is pushing up, forming the Southern Alps. The Alpine Fault marks the boundary of the Pacific and Australian Plates. Travelers talk about “tectonic plates” (5 reviews) “fault line” (4 reviews) “continental plates” (3 reviews) Improve This Listing. D'autres semblent aussi avoir pris le temps de l'apprécier. However, most of the motion on the fault is strike-slip (side to side), with the Tasman district and West Coast moving North and Canterbury and Otago moving South. These large earthquakes don’t happen very often – the last one was nearly 300 years ago. It forms part of the Marlborough Fault System, which accommodates the transfer of displacement along the oblique convergent boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and Pacific Plate, from the transform Alpine Fault to the Hikurangi Trench subduction zone. The surface rupture has extended into the north section of the fault as far as the Haupiri River area, which is 25 km northeast of the Alpine Fault junction with the Hope Fault. The June 2011 Christchurch earthquake was a shallow magnitude 6.0 Mw earthquake that occurred on 13 June 2011 at 14:20 NZST. The Wellington Fault is an active seismic fault in the southern part of the North Island of New Zealand. Whole forests that have grown back after an earthquake can be dated, too. She is one of the leaders of the Deep Fault Drilling Project of New Zealand's Alpine Fault, and was a research scientist on the Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project. She then worked as a research associate professor in geology and associate dean (international) in the Division of Sciences at the University of Otago. Type: EP Release date: November 2005 Catalog ID: N/A Label: Independent Format: CD Reviews: None yet The Wairarapa Fault is an active seismic fault in the southern part of the North Island of New Zealand. Scientists say that a similar earthquake could happen at any time as the interval since 1717 is longer than between the earlier events. The alpine fault is located in New Zeland. using GPS to study small movements of nearby minor faults, and to measure growth of the Alps, using seismic data to find out how the many minor earthquakes in the area are linked to minor faults and the main Alpine Fault. The Alpine Fault • Running about 600km up the spine of the South Island, the Alpine Fault is the on-land boundary of the Pacific and Australian tectonic plates. A transform fault is a type of strike-slip fault at the boundary of two plates. It’s the "on-land" boundary of the Pacific and Australian Plates. Tours are 2.5 hours, and require walking. They run along the northwest edge of the island, which is exactly where the Alpine Fault is. [27] The DFDP was the second project to try to drill an active fault zone and return samples after the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth. Researchers are studying the Alpine Fault to investigate past earthquakes, mountain formation and the structure of the Earth’s crust. Type: Full-length Release date: November 11th, 2011 Catalog ID: N/A Label: Independent Format: CD Reviews: None yet Songs; Lineup; Reviews; Additional notes; 1. This survey will open in a new tab and you can fill it out after your visit to the site. An earthquake on the Alpine Fault is likely to be one of the most significant disasters that could affect Selwyn district. D'ailleurs, il y a une sacrée différence entre la manière de l'apprécier à Pari… Read more. dating trees buried by landslides using radiocarbon dating and tree growth rings (dendrochronology). [1] This, along with isostatic constraints, has kept the Southern Alps less than 4000 m. Uplift on the Alpine Fault has led to the exposure of deep metamorphic rocks near the fault within the Southern Alps. The Hope Fault is an active dextral strike-slip fault in the northeastern part of South Island, New Zealand. The 1855 Wairarapa earthquake occurred on 23 January at about 9 p.m., affecting much of the Cook Strait area of New Zealand, including Marlborough in the South Island and Wellington and Wairarapa in the North Island. The Clarence Fault is an active dextral strike-slip fault in the northeastern part of South Island, New Zealand. It has been suggested that the surface rupture formed by this event helped influence Charles Lyell to link earthquakes with rapid movement on faults. Earthquakes along the fault, and the associated earth movements, have formed the Southern Alps. Interactive map of the Alpine Fault and links to a virtual field trip, digging trenches to find buried evidence, such as landslides. – Historic earthquakes – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand", "Catastrophic events in New Zealand coastal environments", "Videos show devastating impact across South Island if Alpine Fault ruptures", "Thousands to be evacuated, highways blocked for months when Alpine Fault ruptures", "South Island plan for the next Alpine Fault quake", "Buller District Council Lifelines Study (Alpine Fault Earthquake Scenario)", "Harold Wellman and the Alpine Fault of New Zealand", "Structure and distribution of fault rocks in the Alpine Fault Zone, New Zealand", "Deep Fault Drilling Project—Alpine Fault, New Zealand", "Drilling into an active earthquake fault in New Zealand", "Why are scientists drilling into the San Andreas fault? For every one unit increase in magnitude (e.g. [2]. These had previously been determined to have occurred in approximately 1100, 1430, 1620 and 1717 CE, at intervals between 100 and 350 years. It forms a transform boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate. ", "DEEP FAULT DRILLING PROJECT-2 FAQs / drill probe in Alpine Fault / Media Releases / News and Events / Home – GNS Science", "Extreme hydrothermal conditions at an active plate-bounding fault", 2003 – Fiordland, estimated magnitude = 7.1. Three feature sets are delineated. [27] It was led by New Zealand geologists Rupert Sutherland, John Townsend and Virginia Toy and involves an international team from New Zealand, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Wellman became a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1954, and was awarded the Hector Memorial Medal and Prize in 1957 and the McKay Hammer Award in 1959. [8]. The mountains are rising at 7 millimetres a year, but erosion wears them down at a similar rate. 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